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当无法获得药物和其他非手术治疗或无法缓解症状时, 对于影响男性生殖器官和泌尿系统器官的各种疾病，外科手术是公认的治疗方法. These conditions include, but are not limited to, prostate cancer, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction, bladder and kidney cancer and vesicoureteral reflux.

面对任何一种泌尿外科手术都会给大多数男性带来极大的焦虑. Among the concerns is: “Will my body function normally following surgery?“传统的开放泌尿外科手术——在盆腔器官上开一个大的切口——是有必要进行手术时的标准方法. 然而，这种手术的常见缺点包括明显的术后疼痛, a lengthy recovery and an unpredictable, potentially long-term impact on continence and sexual function.

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幸运的是，许多面临泌尿外科手术的患者可以选择侵入性较小的手术. The most common of these is laparoscopy, which uses small incisions. While laparoscopy can be very effective for many routine procedures, 该技术的局限性使其无法用于更复杂的泌尿外科手术.

A new category of surgery, introduced with the development of the da Vinci® Surgical System, 全世界越来越多的外科十大靠谱网赌平台在前列腺切除术和其他泌尿外科手术中使用它了吗.

This minimally invasive approach, using advanced surgical and robotics technologies, is ideal for delicate urologic surgery. This includes prostatectomy, 目标部位不仅受到严密的限制，而且被影响泌尿控制和性功能的神经所包围. Using da Vinci®, the surgeon has tool designed to spare surrounding nerves, which may enhance both the recovery experience and clinical outcomes.

Prostatectomy

The Condition: Prostate Cancer

前列腺是一个核桃大小的腺体，是男性生殖系统的一部分. Its function is to produce a fluid that is part of male ejaculate or semen.

前列腺癌是一种恶性(癌)细胞在前列腺内形成的疾病. Worldwide, more than 900,000 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2008, making it the second most common cancer in men behind lung cancer. 1

Widespread screening, 早期发现和改进治疗提高了前列腺癌的存活率. 当发现时，它是局部的或仍然包含在腺体中，5年生存率接近100%. 2

When prostate cancer is detected early, 根治性前列腺切除术——通过手术切除前列腺——为患者提供了一种潜在的治疗方法.3 In fact, 根据美国泌尿外科协会2007年前列腺癌临床管理指南, “根治性前列腺切除术的主要潜在好处是可以治愈前列腺癌真正局限的患者.”3 前列腺癌的治疗方案可能包括放射(外部光束或种子植入)或冷冻疗法. These treatments work by radiating, burning or freezing the prostate.

然而，手术是唯一能将前列腺癌从体内移除的治疗方法. 所有前列腺癌治疗都会影响尿失禁，以及性能力和性功能. 和你的十大靠谱网赌平台谈谈所有可用的治疗方案，以及在此之前会发生什么, during and after treatment.

The Treatment: Radical Prostatectomy

Radical prostatectomy is the most common treatment for prostate cancer. 直到最近，前列腺切除术通常使用8到10英寸的切口进行. 这种方法通常会导致大量失血和漫长而不舒服的恢复.

da Vinci® Prostatectomy

Today, if your doctor recommends surgery to treat your prostate cancer, you may be a candidate for a very effective, minimally invasive procedure called da Vinci® Surgery. 这一过程使用的技术旨在帮助十大靠谱网赌平台进行精确的、侵入性较小的前列腺癌手术.

For most patients, da Vinci® Surgery offers numerous potential benefits over open surgery including:

  • Excellent cancer control
  • Faster return of urinary continence 5,7
  • Faster return of sexual function 5,7
  • Shorter hospital stay 4,5,8,9,10
  • Low level of pain 8
  • Less blood loss and transfusions 4,5,8,9,11,12
  • Lower risk of infection, complications 9,11
  • Faster recovery and return to normal activities 8,10,12

In addition, compared to radiation treatment, 前列腺切除术提高了局限性前列腺癌患者的生存率.13,14,15 As with any surgical procedure, 这些好处不能保证，因为手术是病人和程序特定的.

1 W.H.O. Globoscan 2008. Country Fast Stats. http://globocan.iarc.fr/.
2 Jemal A. et al Cancer Statistics 2005. CA cancer J Clin 2005,55:10-30.
3 Prostate cancer clinical guideline update panel. 临床局限性前列腺癌的治疗指南:2007年更新. Linthicum (MD): American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. 2007; 82.
4 Ahlering TE, Woo D, Eichel L, Lee DI, Edwards R, Skarecky DW. 机器人辅助与开放式根治性前列腺切除术:一种外科十大靠谱网赌平台结果的比较. Urology. 2004 May; 63(5): 819-22.
5 Rocco B, Matei DV, Melegari S, Ospina JC, Mazzoleni F, Errico G, Mastropasqua M, Santoro L, Detti S, de Cobelli O. 机器人与开放式前列腺切除术在腹腔镜新手中心:配对分析. BJU International. Published Online: 5 May 2009. DOI 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08532.x.
6 Barocas DA, Salem S, Kordan Y, Herrell SD, Chang SS, Clark PE, Davis R, Baumgartner R, Phillips S, Cookson MS, Smith JA Jr. 机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺切除术与根治性耻骨后前列腺切除术治疗临床局限性前列腺癌:短期生化无复发生存的比较. J Urol. 2010 Mar;183(3):990-6. Epub 2010 Jan 18.
7 Ficarra V, Novara G, Fracalanza S, et al. A prospective, 在一家欧洲机构中比较机器人辅助腹腔镜和耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术的非随机试验. BJU Int. Mar 5 2009;104(4):534-539.
8 Menon M, Tewari A, Baize B, Guillonneau B, Vallancien G. 根治性耻骨后前列腺切除术与机器人辅助解剖性前列腺切除术的前瞻性比较:Vattikuti泌尿外科研究所的经验. Urology. 2002 Nov;60(5):864-8.v
9 Boris RS, Kaul SA, Sarle RC, Stricker HJ. 根治性前列腺切除术:耻骨后、会阴和机器人入路的比较. Can J Urol. 2007 Jun;14(3):3566-70.
10 Hohwu L, Akre O, Pedersen KV, Jonsson M, Nielsen CV, Gustafsson O. 开放式耻骨后前列腺切除术与机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺切除术:病假时间的比较. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Apr 7 2009:1-6.
11 Carlsson S, Nilsson AE, Schumacher MC, Jonsson MN, Volz DS, Steineck G, Wiklund PN. 卡罗林斯卡大学医院1253例机器人辅助和485例开放性耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术的手术相关并发症, Sweden. Urology. 2010 May;75(5):1092-7.
12 Miller J, Smith A, Kouba E,Wallen E, Pruthi RS. 机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术与开放式根治性前列腺切除术对男性健康相关生活质量的短期影响和恢复的前瞻性评估. J Urol. 2007 Sep;178(3 Pt 1):854-8; discussion 859. Epub 2007 Jul 16.
13 Tewari A, Raman JD, Chang P, Rao S, Divine G, Menon M. 临床局限性前列腺癌患者保守治疗或最终治疗(放疗或根治性前列腺切除术)的长期生存率. Urology. 2006 Dec;68(6):1268-74.
14 Cooperberg MR, Vickers AJ, Broering JM, Carroll PR; for the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) Investigators. Comparative risk-adjusted mortality outcomes after primary surgery, radiotherapy, or androgen-deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer. 2010 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print].
15 Tewari A, Divine G, Chang P, Shemtov MM, Milowsky M, Nanus D, Menon M. 高级别前列腺癌患者的长期生存率:保守治疗的比较, radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy–a propensity scoring approach.J Urol. 2007 Mar;177(3):911-5.